Herbaceous plants rely on a combination of turgor, ground tissues and geometry for mechanical support of leaves and stems.Unlike most angiosperms however, ferns employ a sub-dermal layer of fibers, known as a hypodermal sterome, for support of their leaves.The sterome is nearly ubiquitous in ferns, but nothing is known about its role in leaf biomec

The sigma kappa graphics ubiquitous presence of spirooxindole architectures with several functionalities and stereogenic centers in bioactive molecules has been appealing for the development of novel methodologies seeking their preparation in high yields and selectivities.Expansion and refinement in the field of asymmetric organocatalysis have made

Multilevel optimal threshold selection is important and comprehensively used in the area of image processing.Mostly, entropic information-based threshold selection techniques are used.These methods make use of the entropy of the distribution of the grey levels of an image.However, entropy functions largely depend on spatial distribution of the imag